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Growth of Modern Education in India
1. Warren Hastings
Set up the Calcutta Madrasa in 1781 for the study and learning of Persian and Arabic.
In 1791, the efforts of Jonathan Duncan opened Sanskrit
College at Banaras for understanding of the laws, literature and religion of
the Hindus.
2. The Fort William
College was set up by Lord Wellesley in 1800 for the training of the civil servants of the company in vernacular languages and customs of India.
The College published an English-Hindustani dictionary, a Hindustani grammar and some other books. However to impart training to civil servants a East India College at Hailebury, England was established in 1807.
3. Charter Act, (1813):
It provided for an annual expenditure of one lakh of rupees "for the revival and promotion of literature and the encouragement of then learned natives of India and for the introduction and promotion of knowledge of the science among the inhabitants of the British territories."
The charter allowed the Christian missionaries to spread their religious ideas in India
The greatest importance of the 1813 Act was that the Company for the first time acknowledged state responsibility for promotion of education in India
Establishment of Calcutta College in 1817 with the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy for imparting Western education
Three Sanskrit colleges were set up at Calcutta
In 1823 a General Committee of Public Instruction was appointed to look after the development of education in India but failed due to Orientalis-Anglicist controversy over the nature of education i.e. traditional or Western and the medium of instruction
The controversy was settled by Macaulay’s Education Policy in 1835, which was approved by Lord William Bentinck . The policy favored English education to a traditional one
In 1844, Lord Hardinge decided to give government employment of Indians education in English schools. This further boosted the Western education in India
Bethune school was
founded by JED Bethune at Calcutta 1849
Agriculture intuition at Pusa Bihar and Engineering Institute at Roorkee
4. Sir Charles Wood's 1854:
It is considered as the Magna Carta of English Education in India.
It declared that the aim of the Government's educational policy was the teaching of Western Education.
The three universities of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay came into existence in 1857.
It proposed the setting up of primary schools (vernacular languages) at the lowest level, high school in Anglo vernacular and colleges (English Medium) at district level.
Teachers training institution
Promotion of education for women
Most of Wood’s proposals were implemented which led to Westernization of the Indian Educational system
5. The Hunter Education Commission, 1882-83:
The principal object of the enquiry of the commission was to present the state of elementary education throughout the Indian Empire and the means by which this can be extended and improved.
6. The Indian Universities Act, 1904:
The act increased university control over private colleges by laying down stringent conditions of affiliation and periodical inspection by the Syndicate.
The private colleges were required to keep a proper standard of efficiency. The Government approval was necessary for grant of affiliation or disaffiliation of colleges.
7. The Sadler University Commission, 1917-19:
It recommended a twelve-year school course after passing the intermediate examination, rather than the Matriculation, the students were to enter a university.
8. Wardha Scheme of Basic Education:
The main principle of basic education (better known as Wardha Scheme) is 'learning through activity'.
The Zakir Hussain Committee worked out the details of the scheme and prepared detailed syllabi for a number of crafts and made suggestions concerning training of teachers, supervision, examination and administration.
9. Sargeant Plan of Education:
This plan envisaged the establishment of elementary schools and high schools (junior and senior basic schools) and the introduction of universal free and compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14.
The British Modern Education was injected in Indian society not for education but to imparting Christianity to the people and creating a class of Anglo-Indian.
10. Lord Curzon 1901-1920
He appointed University Commission under Sir Thomas Rayleigh Based on his report the Indian Universities Act was passed in 1904.
